There is ample evidence in the literature that smoking is a risk factor for low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporotic fracture. This animal model may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the deterioration of bone quality in pulmonary emphysema caused by smoking. Strikingly, long-term CS exposure deteriorated bone quality of the lumbar vertebrae as illustrated by disorientation of collagen fibers and the biological apatite c-axis. This long-term CS exposure increased osteoclast number and impaired bone growth, while it increased bone volume. However, prolonged exposure for 20- and 40-weeks reversed the effects from suppression to promotion of bone resorption. Unexpectedly, short-term exposure for 4-weeks decreased bone turnover and increased bone volume in mice. We report bone deterioration in a mouse model of emphysema induced by nose-only cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. In patients with COPD, severe emphysema is a risk factor for vertebral fracture however, the effects of smoking or emphysema on bone health remain largely unknown. Shadow and Bone is available on Netflix now in the UK.Smoking is a common risk factor for both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and osteoporosis. The full soundtrack album, by Joseph Trapanese and The Budapest Art Orchestra, is available on Spotify (listen below). How can I listen to the Shadow and Bone soundtrack? Speaking to Variety, Trapanese said he chose to use the violin to create “an intimate, raspy sound” that, as Alina begins to discover her power, “is transformed into this more mature, developed, refined kind of playing”. Lead character Alina’s signature piece of music, ‘Her Name Is Alina Starkov’, uses strings to soundtrack the character’s story arc. What is Alina’s Theme in Shadow and Bone? Read more: Behind Her Eyes on Netflix: what’s the piece of classical music I just heard? >

“Joseph’s extraordinary work on Shadow and Bone not only helped to bring this world fully alive, but also changed the way I experience my characters’ stories.” “There’s certain music that sparks imagination,” she continued.

“We played Prokofiev favourites for each other and I inflicted some very pitchy renditions of old folk songs on him,” Bardugo revealed.

Smoke and bone